Biochemical Pathways of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside and Its Effects on Cells

TCR and IL12 initiate Glycolysis. Glycolysis Sub-pathway generated O-GlcNAc attached to STAT1 at Ser499 and Thr510 positions. Which in turn generates more stable pSTAT1 Ser727. pSTAT1 Ser727 induced more IFNgamma. On the other hand, Glycolysis also induced pSTAT1 Tyr701 which activates T-Bet. T-Bet induces IFNgamma. By doing so pSTAT1 Tyr701 initiates Th1 differentiation and pSTAT1 Ser727 preserves the Th1 lineage.

The figure illustrates the signaling pathways involved in cellular protection against retinal oxidative stress that are modulated by anthocyanins. Anthocyanins, a class of phenolic pigments particularly abundant in blueberries, are capable of enhancing the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and activating the Nrf2 pathway, crucial for antioxidant defense mechanisms. The protective effects are exerted through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the apoptotic pathways Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3, as well as upregulation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX).

Deucravacitinib

Leukocytes – Endothelial Interactions and Leukocytes Recruitment into Tissues Part II Leukocyte-Endothelial Interaction and Leukocyte Recruitment into Tissue Leukocyte recruitment from the blood into tissues requires adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial lining of postcapillary venules and then movement through the endothelium and vessel wall into the extravascular tissue. This is a multi-step process in which different types of adhesion molecules and chemokines orchestrate each step. Studies in vitro and in vivo have established a sequence of events common to the migration of most leukocytes into most tissues. Selectin-mediated Rolling of Leukocytes on Endothelium Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) encountering microbes secrete cytokines like TNF and IL-1, which stimulate endothelial cells to express E-selectin. Microbe-activated mast cells and thrombin trigger P-selectin expression on endothelial cells. Inflammatory sites cause blood vessel dilation and slower blood flow, leading leukocytes to marginate towards the vessel lining. Leukocyte rolling is mediated by transient, low-affinity binding of selectins on endothelial cells and their ligands on leukocytes. Chemokine-Mediated Increase in Affinity to Integrins Chemokines displayed on endothelial cells bind to leukocyte receptors, enhancing integrin affinity for their ligands. Stable Integrin-Mediated Arrest of Leukocytes on Endothelium Integrin ligands (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) on endothelial cells are upregulated by inflammatory cytokines. Leukocytes firmly adhere and flatten on the endothelial surface. Transmigration of Leukocytes through the Endothelium Leukocytes typically transmigrate between endothelial cell borders (paracellular migration) via interactions between integrins and CD31. VE-cadherin junctions are transiently disrupted by phosphorylation. Less commonly, leukocytes migrate directly through endothelial cells (transcellular migration). Genetic deficiencies in CD18, selectins, or chemokine receptors can cause Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies (LAD-1, LAD-2, LAD-3), leading to recurrent infections. Leukocyte Types and Migration Neutrophils and Monocytes: Neutrophils are recruited early, followed by monocytes. Neutrophils express CXCR1 and CXCR2, binding to CXCL8. Monocytes express CCR2, binding to CCL2. T Lymphocytes Migration: Naive T cells circulate through blood, lymphatic vessels, and lymphoid tissues. Naive T cells enter lymph nodes via High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) and migrate based on chemokine gradients (CCL19, CCL21 binding to CCR7). Effector and memory T cells migrate to infection sites via integrins and chemokine receptors. T Cell Recirculation Naive T cells enter lymph nodes through HEVs using L-selectin, CCR7, and integrins. Chemokines (CCL19, CCL21) guide T cells within lymphoid tissues. Activated T cells suppress S1PR1 temporarily to remain in lymph nodes for differentiation. Effector T Cell Migration to Infection Sites Effector T cells express ligands for E- and P-selectins and chemokine receptors, allowing migration to infection sites. Retention at infection sites depends on integrin and chemokine signaling. Memory T Cell Migration Memory T cells are divided into central memory T cells (CCR7+, L-selectin+) and effector memory T cells (CCR7-, L-selectin-). Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) remain in specific tissues long-term. B Lymphocyte Migration Naive B cells enter lymphoid tissues via HEVs using chemokine receptors (CCR7, CXCR5). CXCL13 guides B cells into follicles. Antibody-secreting plasma cells migrate to bone marrow or mucosal tissues depending on specific chemokine receptor expression. Summary Leukocyte migration involves selectins, integrins, and chemokines. Selectins mediate initial rolling; integrins mediate stable arrest; chemokines guide migration. Naive lymphocytes circulate between blood and lymphoid tissues, while effector and memory cells migrate to infection sites. Migration patterns are regulated by adhesion molecules, chemokine receptors, and tissue-specific signals. Thank You

cellule Treg

4. PRH Function Schematic "Design a schematic showing PRH's role in cell regulation. Use the following components: A nucleus labeled 'CCLP Tumor Cell'. PRH protein symbol interacting with DNA. Arrows pointing from PRH to cell cycle regulation and proliferation. Optional: Highlight dysregulation leading to increased mitotic index. Use a minimalist, labeled diagram with arrows for clarity."

detailed illustration of virtual memory T cell development in utero

Interaction between T and B immune cells

Make a textbook-like figure illustrating and describing the innate immune response to infection. Figures must include the following: Activation – 1) How the immune response first is activated, 10 pts. 2) Tissue-associated immune cells that are nearby for rapid response or sounding alarms, 6 pts. 3) Inflammatory mediators and other products that are upregulated/secreted as a result of infection, 6 pts. 21 pts possible, 20 pts max Recruitment – 1) Cellular and non-cellular immune components that circulate to the site of infection in response to alarms, 13 pts. 2) The signals and physiological changes that inform and permit responder immune cells trafficking to the site of infection, 8 pts. 21 pts possible, 20 pts max Control – 1) Fate of the epithelial cell, 5 pts. 2) Immune cells that kill microbes or infected host cells to prevent infection spread, 5 pts. 3) Molecules or signals released by the host cell to help decide its fate, 1 pt. 4) Immune cell(s) charged with clearance of dead cells, 1 pt. 12 points possible, 10 pts max

1. Electrospinning Process for Edible Films Explanation: This flowchart explains the step-by-step process of producing electrospun edible films, beginning with the preparation of the polymer solution, followed by the electrospinning mechanism, where high voltage is applied to the solution to form ultra-fine fibers. The fibers are then collected on a grounded surface, forming a nanostructured mesh. This mesh is used as an edible coating for various food items. The chart also highlights how bioactive agents (such as antioxidants and antimicrobials) are incorporated during this process. Flowchart Steps: Polymer solution preparation High-voltage application Formation of nano-scale fibers Fiber collection on grounded surface Incorporation of bioactive agents Formation of edible nanofiber film Application on food products

draw structure of cellulose nanocrystals

An image showing pancreatic beta cells being protected by hdac inhibitors from cytokine induced inflammation