The figure illustrates the signaling pathways involved in cellular protection against retinal oxidative stress that are modulated by anthocyanins. Anthocyanins, a class of phenolic pigments particularly abundant in blueberries, are capable of enhancing the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and activating the Nrf2 pathway, crucial for antioxidant defense mechanisms. The protective effects are exerted through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the apoptotic pathways Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3, as well as upregulation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), Illustrates signaling pathways involved in protecting retinal cells from oxidative stress. Nrf2 is central to pathways modulated by anthocyanins. Highlights key enzymes HO-1, SOD, CAT, GSH-PX with apoptotic modulation. Mainly focuses on antioxidant mechanisms